We’re emerging from pandemic isolation and re-integrating into social life.  That means dealing with the strange and bewildering world of other people again.  If you’ve ever met other people, you know they can bring out the best or the worst in you.  The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the original guide to practicing yoga written 2500+ years ago, has some sage advice about the timeless problem of dealing with other people. 

According to the Yoga Sutras, there are 4 basic kinds of people you'll need to deal with in life:

1. Happy people
2. Unhappy people
3. Virtuous people
4. Wicked people

In Swami Satchidananda’s commentary on this Yogic teaching (Sutra I.33), he says “By cultivating attitudes of friendliness toward the happy, compassion for the unhappy, delight in the virtuous, and disregard toward the wicked, the mind-stuff retains its undisturbed calmness.”

Keep in mind that the whole aim of yoga is to quiet your own mind. The only thing you can control about other people is the way you react to them.  So, for the sake of your own sanity and serenity, yoga suggests that you adjust your attitude towards people in one of 4 ways, depending on who you're dealing with: 

Happy People: be friendly towards them
Unhappy People: be compassionate
Virtuous People : delight in them
Wicked People: treat them equanimity/indifference

Satchidananda says that “If you use the right key with the right person, you will retain your peace.”

1.Dealing with happy people. 
Key Attitude – Friendliness (Maitri)

Even 2500 years ago, there were people that weren’t happy about seeing other people happy. Some things never change. It's also a pretty common problem. You might be able to recall moments in your life where something great happened to someone else (they won a lottery, got a promotion, took a dream vacation) and instead of being happy for them, you felt the sting of frenvy: the feeling of being jealous or envious of a friend's good fortune.  Maitri (friendliness) is the cure for that awful feeling. 

The weird thing about jealousy and envy is that they don't trouble the other person, they only trouble you - and disturb your own peace of mind.  When you catch yourself feeling this way, try replacing jealous thoughts with friendly ones, like “I’m happy that you’re happy.”  Repeat.  It might feel really unnatural at first, but with practice genuine feelings of happiness begin to grow.  You can expand that into a full-on meditation and send practice being happy for your own happiness, then radiate that feeling outward toward every happy person you can think of. Repeat the following phrases, throwing as much sincerity behind them as you can muster up:

I’m happy that you’re happy.
May your happiness continue.
May your happiness grow. 
May your happiness keep growing and expanding. 
 
The best part?  When you swap jealousy for happiness, you become happier!  Win-win. 
 
2.How to deal with unhappy people
Key Attitude – Compassion (Karuna)

Unhappy people. Ugh. They sure have a way of spreading around their dis-ease.  Patanjali’s key to dealing with unhappy people is to show them compassion. 

I was enjoying coffee on a patio a few weeks ago when a woman sat down at the table next to me and launched into a stream of consciousness rant about everything that’s wrong with the world according to the morning news.  If you've read the news lately, you know there's a lot that's wrong.  I really just wanted to enjoy my beautiful cup of coffee … on the patio … in the sunshine … and enjoy the moment after 16 months of pandemic-ing.   I wished she would just. stop. talking.  Her unhappiness was disturbing my mind.  Then I remembered this teaching on compassion for unhappy people – the “Just Like Me” compassion practice – and decided to give it a try.  As she was talking, I reminded myself of all the things we had in common: 

This person wants to connect with others, just like me.
This person cares about other people, just like me.  
This person worries about the state of the world, just like me. 
This person wants to be content with life, just like me.
This person is learning about life, just like me. 

And so on...

Then her husband came with coffee and sat down, and our conversation came to an end.  The amazing thing is that this practice really did soothe my mind.  By the time she was finished talking at me, I felt a lot less irritated.  I used the compassion key – and it actually unlocked a sense of serenity with the situation.   

Thank you for another winning life hack, yoga!
 
Here’s Pema Chodron explaining this wonderful teaching.

3 .How to deal with virtuous people
Key Attitude – Be Delighted By Them (Mudita)

Appreciate the way they use their gifts and talents for the benefit of the world, and try to imitate their great qualities.  Don’t hate on the David Suzukis and Oprah Winfreys of the world for being ‘do gooders’; don’t try to drag them down or poke holes in them.  Everyone has flaws. Don't let that stop you from recognizing the good in people. Appreciate virtuous qualities when you see them in others and aspire emulate them in your own life. 

How?

• Donate money or volunteer your time to help other people
• Go greener
• Stand up for what you know is right. Get politically active.   
• Practice ethical shopping

You don't have to do any of it perfectly.  Just do something good and right because it's good and right. When you do, you've contribute to the overall amount of goodness in the world.  Be delighted with yourself and everyone else that is striving in any way to make the world a kinder place.  Yay, you!

4. How to deal with wicked (non-virtuous) people
Key Attitude – Treat Them With Indifference, Equanimity (Upeksha)

This is a tough one. How do you get to a place where morally bankrupt people do NOT disturb your mind?  They sure disturb mine, but I'm working on it and inching my way slowly in that direction. 

First, let's understand that if someone really doesn’t care about the way their actions affect other people, there is very little you can do about them.  So, focus on yourself. 
As George Bernard Shaw once said, “Never wrestle with a pig. You both get dirty and the pig likes it.”

When you cultivate an attitude of equanimity, you can still be moved by injustice in the world and motivated to make things better.  BUT, you prioritize hanging on to your serenity in the process.  Mindfulness meditation practice is a wonderful way to build your skill at noticing thoughts and emotions without getting swept up in them.  So, when you encounter people that trigger strong thoughts and reactions, instead of responding reactively, you can just NOT TAKE THE BAIT.  Mindfulness teaches you how to sit back, take a pause, and choose peace of mind instead.   

Try this meditation for Cultivating Equanimity with Diana Winston: 

These four key attitudes (friendliness, compassion, delight and indifference) are known as the Brahmaviharas.  Keep these keys in your pocket always.  When you use the right key with the right person, you unlock the possibility of serenity in your relationships with others.  

"How long should you hold a yoga pose?"
Someone asked that question last week in yoga teacher training. 

Meet Amar Bharti Ji (above).
He says he’s been holding his right arm up in the air since 1973. His story goes like this: Amar was an average middle-class family man. Then, one morning in 1970, he woke up and decided to dedicate his life to Shiva. He left his job, family and friends to dedicate himself to his spiritual practice.

Three years later, feeling he was still too connected to mortal life, Amar decided to make a sacrifice - his right arm. He raised it as a sign of his devotion - and never put it back down. Amar's sacrifice means his arm is no longer functional. He experienced years of excruciating pain. But the pain has now passed - and his arm is atrophied and frozen in this position.

Most of us would probably agree that 48 years is waaaay longer than we’d care to spend in any yoga pose. But you probably also have different goals for your practice than Amar does. So, how long should YOU hold a yoga pose? IT DEPENDS. On what YOU want to get out of your practice.

Do you want to relax? Build strength? Increase flexibility? Get a quick energy boost? Find enlightenment?

The key to getting the most out of your yoga practice lies in matching the goal you’re trying to achieve with the right kind of practice.  

And the kind of practice you do will determine how long you hold your poses. 
So, a great place to start answering the question 'how long should you hold a yoga pose?' is by identifying your goals.  For example:

• If you want to get some cardio in while increasing your strength and stamina, a fast flowing-style practice, where poses are held for 1-5 breaths, will help you meet that goal

 

• If you want to practice body awareness and refine your alignment, try a Hatha or Iyengar yoga practice.  In these styles you’ll hold most poses for 30 – 90 seconds (or longer)

 

• To relax and improve your flexibility, try a Yin style practice (you’ll hold most poses somewhere between 1 – 10 minutes)

 

• If de-stressing is a priority, then a restorative practice might be the best choice for you.  In which case you might hold a supported yoga pose for 5- 30 minutes.

But before we dig any deeper into the benefits of different kinds of yoga practice,  we’ll need to take a quick detour into some movement science.  Here's a short video that walks you through the 3 basic styles of stretching we use in yoga practice and how they affect your body/mind. 

1. Dynamic Stretching
2. Active Static Stretching
3. Passive Static Stretching

Benefits of Long Hold Times in Static Poses
Restorative Yoga, Yin Yoga and Iyengar Yoga are a few examples of practices that are famous for using long hold times – but they do it in dramatically different ways to achieve completely different outcomes. 

Iyengar Yoga
In Iyengar Yoga there’s a strong focus on alignment and on holding active static poses.  This style of practice helps you:

• Increase strength and endurance. The more you practice holding a plank or a Warrior II, the easier it gets.
• Improve balance.  Static balance practice works your core and ankle stabilizer muscles; improves joint stability and enhances your ability to focus and concentrate. Your ability to balance is a ‘use-it-or-lose-it’ thing.  Ability tends to deteriorate as you age. The best way to maintain/improve your ability to balance is to practice.
• Practice mindfulness and improve your proprioception: your ability to sense your body’s position.  Long holds give you the time you need in a pose to refine your technique & improve your body awareness. 
• Improve strength and flexibility

I asked one of my early yoga teachers, Nesta Falladown, a certified Iyengar Yoga teacher, how long you should hold a yoga pose. She had a long list of 'it depends' in addition to the ones we've already covered.  She says:

            “it depends on experience in practice, age of the student, how they
            feel at the time of practice, what it is they need on that particular day,
            what their state of mind is, weather, the level of difficulty of the asana,
            the state of the breath …”  She goes on to say that ' A short answer and good guideline is
            to start with shorter holdings and build up.  Start with 15 seconds
            or less if stamina is not strong.

BKS Iyengar suggests holding:

• Virabhadrasana II (Warrior II) 20 - 30 seconds (as it is a more powerful asana)
• Utthita Trikonasana (Triangle ) 30 - 60 seconds
• an inversion such as Salamba Sarvangasana, 5-15 minutes, so the blood has time to circulate completely several times. 
• Restorative asanas - 6 minutes minimum.

She recommends reading “Light on Yoga” or “Yoga: A Gem for Women” for more specific detail on how to perform each asana from the Iyengar perspective.  

If you specifically want to increase your flexibility, the current ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine) exercise guidelines are to do static stretching:

• at least 2 – 3 x per week
• to the point of feeling tightness or slight discomfort
• 10 – 30 seconds (for most adults).  Though 30 – 60 seconds might have greater benefits for older adults
• for each of the major muscle groups  

Yin Yoga
Yin Yoga focuses on long holds of passive static poses and gentle stretching.  This style of practice helps you:

• Increase flexibility
• Feel good. Stretching just plain feels good.  That’s enough of a reason to do it.
• Relax and de-stress.  Stretching activates your relaxation response and inhibits your stress response
• Reduce pain.  This style of practice can decrease your pain.  But, you should note that stretching has an analgesic effect. It acts like a painkiller – and, like any painkilling medication, the effects wear off.  If your pain or discomfort is temporarily relieved by stretching, but comes back with a vengeance a few hours later, stretching may actually be doing you more harm than good.  A strength-based practice might be more appropriate and you should probably consult with a professional, if this is the case.

Restorative Yoga
Restorative Yoga focuses on holding passive static poses for long periods of time.  In Restorative, you’re aiming to get into a position that’s completely comfortable and just relax - without stretching or strengthening anything.  Restorative yoga:

• Teaches you to be relaxed and awake at the same time.  You’ll get into positions that are so comfortable you could fall asleep in them.  But instead of doing that, you’ll remain awake and alert. 
• Just plain feels good.
• Reduces stress.  You’ve likely heard that stress is the #1 cause of disease.  Take care of your need for rest and recovery so your stress levels don’t build up and overwhelm your system.  Stress manifests itself as a variety of physical, mental and emotional problems.  Consider your restorative practice as a sort of an inoculation against the harmful effects of stress.  It turns out that lying down on the floor and doing nothing can do wonders for your health and well-being.
• Refreshes you.  A good restorative practice is like a mini vacation.  Take a break from the pressures of life, retreat to your inner world, rest deeply there, and emerge refreshed and ready to take on the world.  You need rest and recovery time as much as you need to get things done. It’s called balance.
• Can help you sleep better -  If you can learn to turn off your stress response, you can fall asleep more quickly and stay asleep longer.
• Pain reduction and improved quality of life.  Relaxation training has helped people suffering from all manner of chronic conditions, including: headaches, back pain, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, TMJ disorder and IBS, to name a few.

Benefits of Short Hold Times in Dynamic Poses
Vinyasa Flow and Ashtanga-style yoga practices use dynamic stretching, which helps you:

• Improve coordination – quick transitions from one pose to the next may initially have you scrambling to keep up, but you’ll master it with practice.
• Practice mindfulness – your thoughts will be focused on coordinating your breath with your movement for the entire duration of the class.
• Increase strength and flexibility – because of all those vinyasas.
• Experience the joy of movement – many flow teachers are gifted at choreographing sequences and transitions that surprise and delight.
• Improve cardiovascular health – when you’re in each pose for just 1-5 breaths, you’re moving at a pretty quick clip.  This increases your heart rate and moves you into the aerobic exercise zone. 
• Increases stamina – eventually you will be able to stay in motion for a longer period of time without feeling fatigued. 
• Realize you can do just about anything for one breath – Ashtanga yoga taught me I could get through difficult situations off the mat the same way I get through difficult poses on the mat - one breath at a time. 

Sometimes you’ll experience several of these styles of movement within a single yoga practice. This often happens under the umbrella of ‘Hatha’ Yoga. And, of course, every yoga practice with a Restorative Savasana. 

So, how long should you hold a yoga pose?  It depends.

Whether you’re challenging yourself to lie down and relax for 20 minutes, to hold a plank for 30 seconds, to get to the end of a 70-minute dynamic Vinaysa Flow - or to hold your arm in the air for the rest of your life as a sign of devotion – the point is to meet YOUR goals and transform YOUR limits, whatever they may be … and however long it takes. 
 
 
Resources:
These stretching and flexibility guidelines are in Table 5.6 of ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 11th Edition.

When I took my first intensive yoga teacher training, a classmate asked if I felt like yoga was changing me.  I hadn’t really thought about it until that moment, but I remember saying “I feel like I am starting to appreciate my body for what it can DO rather than the way it LOOKS.”

That answer kind of took me by surprise. Years later, in Exercise Psychology class, I learned that it’s typical for women to view their bodies as ‘objects’  - but hadn’t realized I saw myself that way until the moment I put it into words.  I also learned that yoga is especially effective at shifting people out of objectified body consciousness and that yoga people tend to be more satisfied with their bodies, with fewer body shape concerns. What I would learn over the next 15+ years of dedicated study and practice is that:

Seismic shifts in self-perception happen when you learn to pay attention to your body. 

And yoga is really, really good at getting you to pay attention to your body. 

The Buddha said developing awareness of physical sensations is the foundation of mindfulness training.  And for good reason.  You have to have a body to have any kind of experience at all!  Your body, and the sensations moving through your body, are always taking place in the present moment. When you focus your attention on sensations, you aren’t feeling what happened yesterday or what might happen tomorrow.  You can only feel what is happening RIGHT NOW - which makes sensory awareness the perfect foundation for anchoring your mindfulness practice.  If you’re focused on how you feel, you are present in the moment.

When you shine your ‘attentional spotlight’ on any of your 5 senses (sight, sound, taste, touch, smell), you are using a form of sensory awareness called exteroception. In yoga, you use this type of awareness when you feel your body in contact with the ground, consciously focus your gaze (drishti) or focus on the sound of a gong  in meditation.  These types of awareness practices can enrich your relationship with the world around you by enhancing your sense of connectedness to your environment.   

Try this Meditation on the 5 Senses

What you may not know is that you have more than 5 senses! 

Your 6th and 7th senses are called proprioception and interoception. 
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PROPRIOCEPTION – YOUR 6TH SENSE
This is your ability to sense your body position without any visual feedback. When you’re driving and you move your foot between the brake and gas pedals without having to look at your feet, that’s the magic of proprioception at work.  A well-known proprioceptive test is the ‘sobriety test’ where you close your eyes and touch the tip of your nose with your index finger (or not).  Try it. 

You have probably noticed that there aren't any mirrors in a yoga studio. When you’re in Warrior II, for example, and you’re learning to sense whether your shoulders are elevated or relaxed … or if your wrists are in line with your shoulders … without the help of a mirror or any other visual feedback, you are honing your proprioceptive sense. 
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This process of observing and refining your body’s positional sense - without thinking about your body in terms of ‘good’ or ‘bad’; ‘attractive’ or ‘unattractive’ - gets you to see yourself through a lens of non-judgmental self-awareness.  The more you practice seeing yourself this way, the more natural it becomes to view yourself with curiosity and objectivity rather than through a lens of criticism, judgment or social comparison.  As you train your proprioceptive sense and become more coordinated, balanced and confident your sense of appreciation for your body grows too.  

INTEROCEPTION: YOUR 7TH SENSE
Interoception is your ability to sense signals and rhythms that originate from deep inside your own body.  It allows you to feel your heartbeat and sense muscle tension.  It also lets you know when you’re hungry or thirsty; if you’re tired or have low blood sugar. 

Interoception can also help you to regulate your emotions. You need to be able to correctly sense the physiological changes that go along with different emotions so that you can interpret what you’re feeling.  For example, the experience of ‘fear’ feels like shallow breathing, a racing heart and increased muscle tension. Your ability to be aware of and identify different kinds of body sensations translates into your ability to notice feelings like stress, anxiety or tension and deal with them in the early stages.

This is essential to your well-being. Many modern diseases are believed to be ‘diseases of dissociation’ from the body. Anxiety, depression, gut disorders and eating disorders are some of the ailments that fall into this category.  In these illnesses, awareness is skewed.  If you aren’t able to correctly monitor internal processes - if you can’t tell in the early stages that something is off - it’s hard to take the right steps to restore your body’s delicate balance.  Training interoception teaches you to hear your body’s ‘whispers’ now, so you don’t have to hear it ‘scream’ later on! 

Norman Farb, a researcher that studies the relationship between interoception and health, suggests that as you get better at this type of sensing, you learn:

1. Presence – the ability to be with things as they are (which is the essence of mindfulness)
2. Agency – the ability to make change

Developing presence and agency means that you practice listening to your body and giving it what it needs. 

Many of us have been desk-bound for the majority of our lives, and have had to learn to live ‘from the neck up’ in a job that demands you pay attention to deadlines and schedules rather than your body’s biological urges to eat, rest, use the bathroom or move. A mindful movement practice can put you back in touch with your senses.   As you get better at reading your body’s signals you can get better at giving yourself what you need to keep yourself in balance.   

Here's one of my very favourite interoception practices.  The Heart Rhythm Meditation

Our brains have two distinct ways of operating:

1. Default mode – this mode dominates your waking hours with a stream of consciousness narrative that interprets and makes up stories about your behaviour and interactions.
   
2. Direct experience – when you’re tuned into the present; taking in your surroundings, body sensations, thoughts and emotions; experiencing the moment in real time

Mindfulness practice develops your ability to be in the ‘direct experience’ state.  Focusing on direct sensory experience filters out your relentless ‘default mode’ mental chatter.  When you catch yourself telling stories about yourself like: “I don’t have the body to wear that” or “I’m too old”, you are operating in ‘default mode’. 

Mindfully focusing on sensations helps you develop your ability to tell the difference between what is objectively true (present moment sensation) and what is story-telling and judgment (your thoughts about what is happening).  When you focus on bodily sensations, you give your mind a break from ‘thoughts gone wild.’ Once you’ve trained yourself to notice the difference between thoughts about reality and reality itself, you can decide which thoughts are worth paying attention to and which ones to ignore. 

Your brain is a random thought generator. It is going to spin stories because that is what brains do. 

You don’t have to believe or listen to every story your mind conjures up. 

Practice sticking to the facts about your experiences. Focus on body sensations and functions. Statements like “I just held plank pose for 30 seconds. I am getting stronger.” or “I really let go in savasana today. I feel so relaxed.” are good examples of ways to think about your body that foster appreciation for your body by putting you in touch with objective truth and direct experience.  

Learning to draw your attention inward and ‘sense yourself’ with curiosity, accuracy and objectivity - leads to greater understanding, respect and love for your body. While this isn’t the purpose of practicing yoga, it is a wonderful side effect😊

Resources: 
Farb, Norman et al. “Interoception, contemplative practice, and health.” Frontiers in psychology vol. 6 763. 9 Jun. 2015, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00763

LIBERATED BEING PODCAST - Interoception, Contemplative Practice and Health with Norm Farb
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LIBERATED BEING PODCAST - Interoception in Practice with Bo Forbes